Cross Cultural Managment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Culturally diverse Managment - Essay Example In this unique situation, along these lines, social insight can be depicted as the capacity of people in the working spot to build up a reasonable working condition regardless of their affiliations (Ang and Livermore, pp.38; Earley, Ang and Tan, pp.3). This paper will target breaking down two articles trying to discover which article is the most relevant to demonstrating the significance of ‘Cultural Intelligence’ (CQ) to the administrator of Global Alliances. The paper will join both hypothetical and handy supports on the significance of ‘Cultural Intelligence’ (CQ) in any association. As indicated by Triandis, much the same as in Peterson, (pp.177) and Lundby (pp.301), social insight is fundamental for endurance of any association. In his work, he shows that no prospering cooperation can exist without the staff grasping the parts of social knowledge. Triandis (pp.20) shows that if the association must be fruitful in instilling sentiments of social insight among the laborers, they must be quick to distinguish any sort of imperfections that may be existent in the work environment that may hold effective joining of essentials that can teach underlying foundations of social knowledge among the laborers. ... This involves the capacity of the people to comprehend the recognitions and practices of the concerned gatherings with respect to their social foundations. Of substance, he underlines that on account of differing societies, people must rush to concentrate more on the setting of their workforce dissimilar to substance of what they may have conveyed. Now and again people are probably going to carry on as indicated by the manner in which others act in differing societies, a factor Triandis (pp.20) alludes to as ideocentrism. He additionally clarifies the idea allocentrism that may adjust flourishing of social knowledge in the working environment. On a viable viewpoint, on account of a director, it would be advantageous in the event that one evaluates a wide range of data given by the concerned gatherings, before making a judgment particularly if debates exist between segments of representatives. Gathering unmistakable proof not at all like implications or pieces of information would be advantageous to the chief. Besides, socially wise people must be quick to distinguish practices that exist in the predicament in the working environment (Livermore, pp.53). This deciphers, over the span of coinciding in the workplace, there are higher possibilities that people may strife because of connections in the general public. Triandis (pp.22) demonstrates that odds are plausible that people are probably going to strife in the journey to make their suppositions heard in the work environment. For all intents and purposes, the directors may consider assembling a wide range of data that would permit them make decisions that are one-sided, however to benefit the whole work environment. On another view point, a socially canny individual is one that can deal with conditions that radiate from social fluctuations. Triandis

Changes And Urban Expansion In Greater Dhaka Environmental Sciences Essay Free Essays

string(84) measure variances in LULC using satellite informations ( [ Coppin etA al. This review assesses old termland utilization modifications and urban augmentation in Greater Dhaka, Bangladesh, somewhere in the range of 1975 and 2003 using satellite pictures and financial informations. Spatial and transient kineticss of old termlandnext term use/spread old termchangesnext term were measured using three Landsat pictures, an administered order calculation and the post-characterization old termchangenext term detecting strategy in GIS. Precision of the Landsat-inferred old termlandnext term use/spread maps extended from 85 to 90 % . We will compose a custom article test on Changes And Urban Expansion In Greater Dhaka Environmental Sciences Essay or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now The examination uncovered that huge developing of developed nations in Greater Dhaka over the review time frame came about significant reducing in the nation of H2O natural structures, developed old termland, following term vegetation and wetlands. old termUrban land expansionnext term has been for the most part determined by lift, populace developing and financial turn of events. Fast old termurban expansionnext term through infilling of low-lying nations and meadow of verdure brought about a wide extent of ecological effects, including living space quality. As reliable and current informations are absent for Bangladesh, the old termlandnext term use maps delivered in this review will loan to both the improvement of supportable old termurban landnext term utilization arranging conclusions what's more for computing conceivable henceforth old termchangesnext term in developing structures. Urbanization is one the most across the board anthropogenetic reasons for the loss of cultivable old termlandnext term ( Lopez, Bocco, Mendoza, A ; Duhau, 2001 ) , living space obliteration ( Alphan, 2003 ) , and the decrease in regular verdure screen. The progress of country nations into old termurbannext term nations through advancement is by and by occurring at an uncommon rate in ongoing mankind's history and is holding an articulated result on the characteristic activity of biological systems ( Turner, 1994 ) . Albeit old termurbannext term nations by and by spread just 3 % of the Earth ‘s old termlandnext term surface, they effectsly affect ecological conditions at both nearby and planetary graduated tables ( [ Herold etA al. , 2003 ] and [ Liu and Lathrop, 2002 ] ) , including clime old termchangenext term ( Grimm, Grove, Pickett, A ; Redman, 2000 ) . Since biological systems in old termurbannext term nations are firmly affected by anthropogenetic exercises, well additio nally going to is by and by being coordinated towards managing old termchangesnext term in old termurban landnext term use and old termlandnext term screen ( LULC ) ( Stow A ; Chen, 2002 ) . Such surveies are particularly of import on the grounds that the spacial highlights of LULC are utile for understanding the varying effects of human action on the general biological status of the old termurbannext term condition ( Yeh A ; Li, 1999 ) . LULC old termchangenext term because of human exercises is by and by proceeding with more quickly in creating states than in the created universe, and it has been anticipated that by the twelvemonth 2020, the majority of the universe ‘s mega metropoliss will be in creating states ( World Bank, 2007 ) . Expanding populace in creating metropoliss has caused fast old termchangesnext term in LULC and expanded ecological degradation ( Holdgate, 1993 ) . The outcome of populace is curiously pertinent given that the planetary old termurbannext term populace is anticipated to about copy by 2050 ( UN, 2008 ) . So as to mitigate the harming impacts related with old termurbannext term developing on the earth and to keep ideal biological system activity ( Fang, Gertner, Sun, A ; Anderson, 2005 ) , spacial and transient LULC structures, and the elements affecting these old termchangesnext term ( Serra, Pons, A ; Sauri , 2008 ) , are well of import in creating judicious monetary, cultural and ecological strategies ( Long, Tang, Li, A ; Heilig, 2007 ) . Bangladesh has encountered fast old termurbannext term populace developing in ongoing decennaries ; the populace numbered 14.1 million out of 1981, 22.5 million of every 1991, 31.1 million out of 2001 ( BBS, 2001 ) and 35 million out of 2005 ( CUS, NIPORT, A ; MEASURE, 2006 ) . Quick urbanization has prompted the transmutation of rustic nations into created nations, and it has been evaluated that more than 809A km2 of horticultural old termlandnext term is changed over to metropoliss, streets and base yearly ( BBS, 1996 ) . The reducing in agrarian exercises, the biggest division of the Bangladeshi financial framework, and the specialist loss of developed old termlandnext term is probably going to loan to landlessness, supplement shortages and imperil the monetary framework ( Ahmad, 2005 ) . Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, is required to be the third biggest city known to mankind by 2020 ( World Bank, 2007 ) and the fast old termurbannext term becoming experienced by the city in late decennaries is one of the most noteworthy known to man ( [ Islam, 1999 ] and [ Islam, 2005 ] ) . old termUrban expansionnext term of Dhaka was delayed during the 1950s, however solid developing followed the independency of Bangladesh in 1971 ( Chowdhury A ; Faruqui, 1989 ) . The extensive becoming seen in the number of inhabitants in Dhaka is thought to hold happened in light of huge scope rustic past termurbannext term movement, which has contributed, essentially to the expanded pace of urbanization ( Islam, 1996 ) . To day of the month, the natural and financial manageability of Dhaka, which is key for advancement arranging, has gotten nearly little joining in. This has brought about boundless natural employments over the city, generally originating from impromptu urbanization, broad old termurbannext term need, lasting scenes of implosion treatment, critical developing of ghettos, advancement of assets, and the confusion of constrained old termlandnext term assets ( Hasan A ; Mulamoottil, 1994 ) . Geographic Information Systems ( GIS ) and inaccessible discovery ( RS ) are amazing and cost-productive devices for estimating the spacial and fleeting kineticss of LULC ( [ Hathout, 2002 ] , [ Herold etA al. , 2003 ] , [ Lambin etA al. , 2003 ] and [ Serra etA al. , 2008 ] ) . Far off inclination informations give significant multi-transient informations on the methods and types of LULC old termchange, following term and GIS is utile for work and dissecting these structures ( Zhang etA al. , 2002 ) . In add-on, review and predictable brief inclusion from orbiters is exceptionally utile in nations where old termchangesnext term have been fast ( Blodget, Taylor, A ; Roark, 1991 ) . Besides, since computerized files of remotely detected informations give the opportunity to examine chronicled LULC old termchanges, following term the geographic type of such old termchangesnext term corresponding to other ecological and human variables can be assessed. Various old termchangenext term detecting techniques have been created to gauge changes in LULC using satellite informations ( [ Coppin etA al. You read Changes And Urban Expansion In Greater Dhaka Environmental Sciences Essay in classification Paper models , 2004 ] , [ Lu etA al. , 2004 ] and [ Singh, 1989 ] ) . Of these strategies, the pre-and post-arrangement comparings have been broadly utilized ( [ Coppin etA al. , 2004 ] and [ Singh, 1989 ] ) . In the pre-arrangement assault, processs, for example, picture differencing ( Toll, Royal, A ; Davis, 1980 ) , band proportioning ( Nelson, 1983 ) , old termchangenext term vector examination ( Johnson A ; Kasischke, 1998 ) , direct multi-date classification ( Li A ; Yeh, 1998 ) , greenery record differencing ( Townshend A ; Justice, 1995 ) and guideline constituent investigation ( Fung A ; LeDrew, 1987 ; Hartter, Lucas, Gaughan, A ; Aranda, 2008 ) have been created ( [ Hardin etA al. , 2007 ] , [ Jensen, 1996 ] and [ Singh, 1989 ] ) . T he essential premiss of these processs is that old termchangesnext term in LULC result in contrasts in the pel coefficient of reflection esteems between the day of the long periods of inclusion. Be that as it may, while these strategies are useful for turn uping old termchange, following term they can non place the idea of old termchangenext term ( Ridd A ; Liu, 1998 ) . On the other hand, post-characterization comparings analyze old termchangesnext term over clasp between freely arranged old termlandnext term screen informations. Regardless of the difficulties related with post-grouping comparings ( [ Coppin etA al. , 2004 ] and [ Singh, 1989 ] ) , this method is the most broadly utilized for putting LULC old termchangesnext term ( [ Jensen, 1996 ] and [ Lu etA al. , 2004 ] ) , curiously in old termurbannext term situations ( Hardin etA al. , 2007 ) . Be that as it may, one of the disservices related with this assault is that reality of the end point LULC old termchangenext term ma ps relies upon reality of the single order, expecting that such procedures are proficient to mistake augmentation ( Yuan, Sawaya, Loeffelholz, A ; Bauer, 2005 ) . Be that as it may, such post-order methods are unconventionally utile for bring forthing ‘from-to ‘ maps ( Jensen, 1996 ) , which can be utilized to clear up the greatness, area and nature of the old termchangesnext term indicated ( Howarth A ; Wickware, 1981 ) . In add-on, the method can be utilized using informations obtained from indicators with various spatial, transient and ghastly presentations ( [ Alphan, 2003 ] and [ Coppin etA al. , 2004 ] ) . RS is extremely adequate for representing the cooperations among individuals and the old termurbannext term conditions in which they live ( Gatrell A ; Jensen, 2008 ) . Space-borne orbiter informations are curiously utile for d

Are You Drowning in Water Bill Expenditures - OppLoans

Are You Drowning in Water Bill Expenditures - OppLoans Are You Drowning in Water Bill Expenditures? Are You Drowning in Water Bill Expenditures?Water bills are on the rise. Heres how you can cut your consumption and, in turn, your utility costs.Since last year, the average water bill has increased by 3.6% in 50 cities, according to a 2019 study by Bluefield Research, making it the eighth straight year of increases. And since 2012, water bills have increased by 31%, which has outstripped inflation as well as the pace of increases for groceries and gas.With the cost of water bills on the rise, the average U.S. household can expect to pay $104 a month for water and sewer bills this year. That amount of money can be challenging for households that are struggling to pay the bills. In fact, according to a PEW research study, most people â€" nearly 70 percent â€" who take out payday loans do so to pay for ordinary recurring monthly expenses, such as utilities like water.Conserving water is always good for the environment, but with these stats in mind, it’s also clear that it’s good fo r your pocketbook. Let’s take a look at a few ways to kill two birds with one stone.Cut down on lawn maintenanceAccording to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), lawn irrigation makes up almost one-third of all residential water use, which works out to 9 billion gallons a day. What’s more, the EPA estimates 50% of water used outdoors is wasted due to bad water systems and  watering practices. Here are some tips for cutting down on outdoor water waste:Reconsider your foliage. Consider replacing the standard green grass that likely covers your lawn with native plants. According to the U.S. Forest Service, native plants not only use less water than traditional lawns (because they have already adapted to the climate in which you live), they require less or no fertilizers and pesticides, reduce air pollution, and provide a home and food for native insects and wildlife. In some areas, the root systems of native plants can actually strengthen the structure of the soil and in crease its ability to store water, which reduces rain run off. They usually require little to no maintenance, too.Cut down on lawn watering. The EPA says if families followed its WaterSense guidelines when it comes to watering their lawns, they could each save an estimated 9,000 gallons a year.And while it costs money and time to take steps â€" such as reworking your irrigation system or landscaping with native plants â€" to cut down on water, simply letting your lawn wither is a legitimate option that costs nothing. If your neighbors raise a fuss, you can tell them that you’d rather not contribute to the 4.5 billion gallons of water that we waste on lawns every day.Look for local incentives. If you live in an area that is affected by drought, there may even be an incentive program to help you switch out your lawn for more sustainable options. Right now in Southern California, the Metropolitan Water District is offering a rebate program that pays $2 for every square foot of remove d lawn.Conserve water in the bathroomShowers, sinks, toilets. The bathroom is an easy place to target for increasing water efficiency and savings. However, it may require some personal adjustments.Mind your own habits. One of the easiest (and free) ways to save money on your water bill is to challenge yourself to take shorter showers. According to the Regional Water Providers Consortium (RWPC), every minute you shave off in the shower can save up to 2.5 gallons of water. Throughout the course of a month, that 1 minute per day calculates to about 75 gallons a month. For a family of four, that’s 300 gallons.While you’re at it, don’t let the water run continuously while you brush your teeth. Everyone’s favorite purple dinosaur was on to something, because according to The Water Project, you can reduce your teeth-brushing water usage by 80% if you just turn the tap on in short bursts.Install a high-efficiency showerhead. These cost about $10 to $20 at your local hardware store, and can save an additional 1 gallon of water per minute. The RWPC recommends testing whether or not you could benefit from a high-efficiency showerhead by placing a bucket in the shower. Turn the shower on and time how many seconds it takes for the water to hit the 1 gallon mark. If it takes less than 20 seconds, you could benefit from a high-efficiency showerhead.Upgrade your loo. If you are looking for a longer-term solution, consider switching out your toilet for one that is WaterSense certified. According to the EPA, these toilets can save up to 13,000 gallons of water per year â€" or about $130 a year on your water bill. You can find basic WaterSense models for less than $100, so in theory, it would take less than a year to make back the cost in savings.Reduce water use in the kitchenThe kitchen is another place in your home that is rife with opportunities to waste water and unnecessarily inflate your water bill:Fully fill the dishwasher. If you have a dishwasher, start by neve r running it unless it’s full. If you think about it, the dishwasher uses the same amount of water whether it is full or not, and the RWPC estimates that just one less-than-full load wastes 8 to 10 gallons of water. The EPA says  only running the dishwasher when it’s full means one less run every week, which saves the average family about 320 gallons annually.Skip the rinse. The RWPC also recommend scraping your dishes, rather than rinsing them before putting them in the dishwasher. They estimate this can save you up to 20 gallons of water. Most modern dishwashers and detergents are designed to clean your dishes properly so you don’t have to rinse them before being washed. If you do need to rinse the dishes because they sat out too long, use the rinse feature on your dishwasher, which will use much less water than your rising by hand.Reconsider hand-washing if you have the choice. Many people think that hand-washing dishes uses less water than the dishwasher, but it actually o nly takes about 4 minutes of running water from the tap to equal the amount of water used in a conventional dishwasher; it would be less if you have an energy-efficient one.If you do have to hand-wash, fill your sink with soapy water, and only use the faucet again to rinse the soap from dishes. You save about 2.5 gallons of water for every minute your kitchen faucet does not run, the RWPC says.Monitor for leaks and fix them immediatelyThe EPA estimates that 1 trillion gallons of water are wasted each year in U.S. homes due to leaks, and the average household leaks 10,000 gallons each year (or enough to do 300 loads of laundry). This calculates to about 10% of your water bill, so catching and fixing leaks can be a serious money saver.The EPA’s WaterSense program has created a 10-minute checklist for finding leaks in your home, which includes monitoring your water bill and meter in addition to testing your toilets, showers, taps, and more for leaks. There are a couple big red flags when it comes to water leaks:For example, if you check your water bill and notice that your family of four is using more than 12,000 gallons (16 CCF) per month in the winter, chances are you have a leak somewhere. Likewise, if you monitor your water meter for a two-hour period when no one is using water in your home, and it does not read exactly the same at the end, then you likely have a leak. The EPA recommends reading these tips for monitoring both your water bill and your water meter.How it all adds upMany Americans take water use for granted because it can seem relatively inexpensive. But if pricing trends continue their upward climb, water won’t be this cheap for long, and besides, there is no reason to pay for unnecessary water usage.To prove this point, take a look at Circle of Blue’s graph of average monthly water costs for U.S. families. In 2018 a four-person family using 150 gallons of water per person per day paid an average of $112.04 a month. If that family reduced its water usage by 100 gallons per person per day, the bill was only $35.49 â€" a savings of more than $76 a month or $918 per year. That may seem like a lot of water to cut, but the savings that come with minor lifestyle changes can really add up.

Workplace Diversity The Visible Or Invisible Differences...

Workforce Diversity defines the visible or invisible differences among employees of an organization and could be divided in to three major components such as Primary, Secondary and Organizational and Community. Factors such as Age, Gender, Sexual Orientation, Ethnicity represents Primary while Appearance, Educational Background, Marital Status, Work experience represents Secondary and Job position, Specialization, Nationality, Life stage represents Organizational and Community. In recent years, organizations spend more in diversity management as most of the organizations consist with employees from different backgrounds. Further, diversity in an organization is a significant factor that may affect the performance of an organization positively or negatively. For example, it can create innovation, empowerment, information sharing, and productivity when well managed and can cause discrimination, power play, miscommunication and control when managed poorly. This essay summarizes five articles including a base article that will link workplace diversity to organizational performance and then will compare the agreements and disagreements of the articles. Prieto, Phipps and Osiri’s (2009) has investigated a previous research of how workplace diversity influences on organizational performance and has outlined the potential be nefits and problems of diversity. The main objective of the authors is to provide a conceptual framework that would allow practitioners and scholars to designShow MoreRelatedAn Introduction to Organizational Behavior1638 Words   |  7 Pagesmotivation and perception ï  ® group: teams, communication, job design, and leadership ï  ® organization-wide: change, culture and organizational structure ï  ® interorganizational (network): outsourcing, organizational networks, strategic alliances and mergers - interdisciplinary roots ï  ® psychology: work teams, work motivation, training and development. 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The Y2k Catastrophe And Its Effects On Society - 1450 Words

The Y2K Catastrophe In The midst of a rising industrial climate, the 1990s was a time for change and expansion. On December thirty-first, 1999 nearly every developed nation in the world anticipated the oncoming new millennium. After strike of midnight, January first, 2000 a forecasted event would take place, and many in the world were anxious to comprehend the supposed inevitable. The occurrence of the Y2K scare changed the way the world revolves around technology during the time period, which has lasting residual effects on society. The fear that drove society and a complete farce was the idea that everything on which the modern world relied would simply come to a halt at the turn-of-the-century. This contemporary concern of the time over technology caused an alarming dissonance between people s daily realities and the threat of an impending apocalyptic future. At the height of computer development, for convenience purposes, digital programmers used two digit codes in place of the years. For example, instead of writing 1986, computer engineers simply dated programs with 86, the â€Å"19† was left out purposefully. Engineers compressed data usage to save storage, which at the time was very costly and took up unnecessary space. Eventually these programmers realized that once the year 2000 comes around then, the dates would revert to â€Å"00† which computers will assume to be 1900. A simple date change to humans would equal a major blunder to a computer. This glitch held theShow MoreRelatedEssay about The Destructive Nature of Technology2066 Words   |  9 Pages   From that first day that man discovered fire, the human race has continued its never-ending search to accomplish tasks in the most expedient manner possible. Society has decided that technology can be used to solve most of its immediate problems. This quest has bro ught us many useful things such as the telephone, the automobile, the oven, the CD player, etc. and has made living a little more enjoyable. If that were all, there would be no need to even mention these facts other than to advertiseRead MoreCrisis and Emergency Management15250 Words   |  61 Pagesinstrumental for efficient crisis and emergency management. I am confident that you will find this guide a path-breaking contribution to our ongoing journey to make the Public Service of Canada an institution recognized for its value-added to the Canadian society. I would like to thank the Roundtable’s Chair, Andrà © Gladu, former Deputy Minister of Canada Economic Development, for his commitment and leadership. I also applaud the invaluable contribution of the Roundtable members who volunteered their time andRead MoreTrends in Workplace17940 Words   |  72 Pagescommunications departments. Leadership development Leadership development is, arguably, the most critical issue faced by organizations today. While there is no shortage of other critical issues for business leaders--ranging from global economic crises, the Y2K problem, finding qualified workers in a tight job market, and keeping up with rapid shifts in technological advancements--none of these problems can be successfully addressed and resolved without the benefit of thoughtful, creative, and visionary leadersRead MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 PagesAffiliates program at the Kelley School of Business at Indiana University, the EDS Corporation, British American Tobacco, SAP-America, Teradata Corporation, the Center for Information Systems Research at MIT’s Sloan School of Management, and the Society for Information Management (SIM). Our deep appreciation goes out to the reviewers of the sixth edition, who helped make the seventh edition better: T.C. Bradley, III, Indiana University; Chiang-Nan Chao, St. John’s University; Abbas Foroughi, University

Armchair Economist book report Essay - 1090 Words

Economic theories are as wide as an economists vision to think. In the Steven Landsburg book The Armchair Economist - Economics and Everyday Life, Landsburg takes many of these economic theories and relates them to everyday type scenarios and makes them understandable to a beginning economist. He breaks his book into six sections each relating to different types of economics, from personal to national theories. Landsburg talks about the power of incentives in his first chapter. What he is referring to is how incentives drive peoples decisions to do things in life. He makes an analogy that Seatbelts kill. This statement refers to the added protection one gets from wearing a seatbelt, which will entice someone†¦show more content†¦price their tickets too high chances are they may not sell out and also limit the number of consumers who are capable of purchasing these tickets. Pricing a ticket correctly can also lead to sales of more tickets and additional products. With buying a ticket at a reduced price leaves the fan with more money (consumer surplus) to purchase more items, possibly cd?s, shirts, posters etc. Although taxes are a necessity in American society Landsburg discusses how they are bad in relation to the economy. He explains how ?Deadweight loss? is costly to both the consumer and the seller. These taxes tend to take money out of the economy and make it less efficient. There are a number of different ways to look at deadweight loss. Everyday we as consumers have to deal with this Deadweight loss. When we go to buy gasoline (which by the way is ridiculously priced right now) there are many taxes that have been imposed on each gallon. These taxes restrict us consumers from taking that money and spending it on something else that we would much rather have or need. Another way the economy experiences this deadweight loss is in the mere fact that consumers may not purchase and item due to the overall cost with the tax. A consumer may be willing to pay 5.00 for a burger but with the tax it takes the total cost to 6.00. The consumer does not buy. This in turn takes that money out of the economy for the moment.Show MoreRelatedEthics And The Corporate World2649 Words   |  11 Pagesand balances that are supposed to, as he writes, â€Å"keep a company from running amok . . .† (Sloan 18). In short, company executives have a moral and legal responsibility to keep their books and records honestly (Sloan 18). Outside auditors – in this case, Arthur Andersen – are supposed to ensure that financial reports meet strict regulations and provide an accurate picture of what is going on (Sloan 18). Wall Street analysts are supposed to analyze company numbers properly (Sloan 18). And one mainRead MoreMarketing Strategy of Ikea Malaysia3764 Words   |  16 Pagesthe factories to the stores cheaper, it also allows customers to transport most of their shopping with their own cars. Adding to that, they stack as much as possible to reduce storage space during and after distribution in the logistics process (Economist, 1994: 101). As described by Kippenberger (1998), IKEA’s philosophy is simple; we do our â€Å"bit†, you do your â€Å"bit†, and together we save money. Therefore, customers also contribute in keeping the low price by doing a little bit of work serving themselves;Read MoreThe Role of Ict in Banking Operations13419 Words   |  54 Pagesa consolidation plan designed to reform and grow capacity in the Nigerian banking industry in July 2004. The implementation of this consolidation plan brought to an end the kind of banking services rendered by the first generation banks known as â€Å"armchair† banking which is premised on the belief that customers will keep on coming irrespective of quality and quantity of services. Table 1.1.1 Structural characteristics of the Banking Industry 1991-2001 Year No. of banks No. of branches New bank entriesRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 PagesECS8C_C01.qxd 22/10/2007 11:54 Page 597 CASE STUDIES ECS8C_C01.qxd 22/10/2007 11:54 Page 598 ECS8C_C01.qxd 22/10/2007 11:54 Page 599 Guide to using the case studies The main text of this book includes 87 short illustrations and 15 case examples which have been chosen to enlarge speciï ¬ c issues in the text and/or provide practical examples of how business and public sector organisations are managing strategic issues. The case studies which follow allow theRead MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 Pagesterms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose the same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Typeset by SPI Publisher ServicesRead MoreInnovators Dna84615 Words   |  339 Pagesdisruptive innovation. â€Å"Businesses worldwide have been guided and in uenced by e Innovator’s Dilemma and e Innovator’s Solution. Now e Innovator’s DNA shows where it all starts. is book gives you the fundamental building blocks for becoming more innovative and changing the world. One of the most important books to come out this year, and one that will remain pivotal reading for years to come.† Chairman and CEO, salesforce.com; author, Behind the Cloud â€Å" e Innovator’s DNA is the ‘how to’

International Business Management and Capital †Free Sample

Questions: 1. Foreign direct investment (FDI) occurs when a firm invests directly in new facilities to produce and/or market in a foreign country. FDI may take the form of Greenfield investments (i.e., the establishment of a new operation in a foreign country) or mergers with/acquisitions of existing firms in the foreign country. Please answer the following questions regarding FDI. Discuss the benefits and costs (inward) FDI offers/imposes on host countries. Discuss the benefits and costs (outward) FDI offers/imposes on home countries. Likewise, address some of the home-country and host-country policy options for encouraging/restricting outward and inward FDI, respectively. 2. If a firm is changing its strategy from an international to a transnational strategy, what are the most important challenges it is likely to face in implementing this change? How can the firm overcome these challenges? 3. You are working as a general manager for the headquarter organization of Toyota in Japan. The firm has recently opened operations in the emerging market of Argentina. You have been asked by the CEO to recommend someone from your department to send to the firms subsidiary there. What aspects would you need to consider in identifying the right person for the job? Moreover, how would you prepare the selected individual for this overseas assignment? Discuss. 4. In a world of zero transportation costs, no trade barriers, and nontrivial differences between nations with regards to factor conditions (i.e., resources such as land, labour, and capital), firms must expand internationally if they are to survive. Discuss. Answers: 1. Benefits and Costs of Inward FDI on Host Countries The four important benefits of FDI for host countries are effect of resource transfer, effect of added employment, balance of payment effects and impact on economic and competition. Management, capital, technology are the effect of resource transfer. The MNEs and local suppliers create direct and indirect jobs. Current account surpluses and deficits are occurred as a result of balance of payment effects (Dowling et al., 2009). The costs include loss in economic independence, importing of things by subsidiaries (foreign) and outflow of earnings. Benefits and Costs of Outward FDI on Home Countries The benefits include creating demands in exports, new jobs in the field, more foreign earnings, providing benefits to consumers at lower prices, higher value activities of resources and employees and gathering knowledge on operation on a foreign location. The costs include loss in the local jobs and loss of trade balance due to exports. Home Country and Host Country Policy Options Home country policy includes tax incentives, capital assistance and political pressure on companies. Other policy options include prohibiting companies while investing in particular countries. Host country policies include loans with low interest, subsidies, tax concessions, etc. 2. Strategies of internalisation are also known as globalisation. Strategies of globalization are different from transnational strategies. It can be related to the concept of glocalization. There are certain things that internalization or globalization strategies consider. However, if a company changes its strategies from globalization to transnational, then it will face problems both at organizational level and at global level (Dowling et al., 2009). The values of their products to the customers are also changing. It can create a change in perception of the customers towards the particular brand. Transnational strategies must have different sets of goals to the community as well as to the company. The company can also face in the management issues of the subsidiaries that are present in the different foreign locations. The challenges can be overcome by planning the transnational strategy in a particular time in a way so that they can be implemented in the right time. A proper channel of communication is being maintained so that the companies can take necessary action in the challenges faced by them in the marketplace as well as in the organizational level. In many cases, new transnational strategies must be formulated to mitigate the gaps created due to change. 3. The company is headquartered in Japan. In its Argentina operations, one employee must be chosen so that he can successfully fulfil the requirements of the Argentina branch. There are different types of assignments that companies have in their subsidiary branches. They are traditional assignments and short-term assignments. If the operations of Argentina branch fall under traditional assignments, then some considerations are there that the management of Toyota have to emphasize. The considerations are development of management, filling various positions in the skill gap, organizational development, managerial control, etc. While selecting the desired candidate for sending him in Argentina branch, some factors will be considered such as cross-cultural stability, technical ability, language, requirements of the MNE (Toyota), family requirements, etc. The candidate should be trained in a way so that he can get a detailed idea about the project or assignment he will be handling in the foreign location. The measures of effectiveness should be communicated to the candidate so that he will not face any issues in handling problems (Dinnie, 2015). 4. In the world of globalization, a country cannot produce its own required goods and services of its own. Every country is depended on products of other countries to provide the necessary goods to its people. Hence, export import of goods is a common practice in the field of business (Peterson et al., 2012). Now the concept of free trade and zero transportation cost is valid all over the world. Hence, it is very easy for the countries to trade with other countries. Compared to previous situation, the legislations of governments of the countries are flexible enough so that they can also take advantage from the host country (Wild et al., 2014). Firms can expand their operations, easily by considering some factors. International human resource management is common practice that are followed by many domestic companies in order to expand their operations in the target foreign countries. Proper selection of entry modes along with PESTEL analysis is to be conducted by the companies while penetrating into foreign markets. References Dinnie, K. (2015).Nation branding: concepts, issues, practice. Routledge. Dowling, P., Liesch, P., Gray, S. and Hill, C.W., (2009). International business. McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd. Peterson, M. F., Arregle, J. L., Martin, X. (2012). Multilevel models in international business research.Journal of International Business Studies,43(5), 451-457. Wild, J., Wild, K. L., Han, J. C. (2014).International business. Pearson Education Limited.

The plays; Andorra by Max Frisch and Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare Essay Example

The plays; Andorra by Max Frisch and Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare Paper In this response, I intend to compare themes, styles and social contexts of the plays; Andorra by Max Frisch and Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare. One of the most noticeable differences between the two plays is the format in which they are written. Frisch writes Andorra in prose continuous writing told like a story would be. Romeo and Juliet, on the other hand, is written in iambic pentameter. This is a form of verse which has ten beats to the line and five beats have stresses on them. For Example: Romeo: See how she leans her cheek upon her hand O that I were a glove upon that hand, We will write a custom essay sample on The plays; Andorra by Max Frisch and Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The plays; Andorra by Max Frisch and Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The plays; Andorra by Max Frisch and Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer That I might touch that cheek. Juliet: Ay me. Romeo: She Speaks This doesnt only alter the way the dialogue is presented on the page but would, especially in Shakespearian times, alter the way in which the dialogue is spoken by the actor. The plays also have different styles. Romeo and Juliet is in a traditional style using acts and scenes. The play, for example, is headed with Act 3, Scene 4. It also uses a prologue, a small speech at the beginning of the play to set up the story; Two houses both alike in dignity; from ancient grudge break to new mutiny But Andorra uses forestages, which are placed at the beginning or end of scenes, and are flashbacks and memories of the townspeople who are explaining their behaviour towards Andri, after his death. The following, as an example, is from The Carpenters forestage. A Jewish kid our teacher saved from across the frontier, thats what everybody thought. Andorra differs in style to Romeo and Juliet as these forestages are used as a device to look back at the events, using episodes, and then telling the story afterwards. Andorra written in the 1950s, explores topics and issues that could have been seen as taboo in society at the time. Prejudice and racism is explored through Andris supposed religious status and the reaction on the towns people towards him because of it. This is shown strongly in Scene Three through the carpenters reaction to Andris chair, Ill show you how to write out ordersthats what your kind have in their blood, believe me. And also through Scene Four where the doctor makes a mistake by insulting Jewish people in front of Andri I saved the lives of Jews, though I cant stand the sight of them. This theme is also apparent in Romeo and Juliet through the way the families show the same prejudice towards members of the opposing family. For example, because Juliet knows how her family will react to her love for Romeo, she says she will deny her name. Deny my father and refuse thy name And Ill no longer be a Capulet. The characters in Romeo and Juliet are all very clearly defined. All of the characters are named and have a short passage at the beginning of the script, which tells us the names and relationships between the characters. For example; Capulet: Head of a Veronese family at feud with the Montagues. On the other hand, Andorra only uses names for the two main characters, Andri and Barblin, because the other characters are given titles that suit their character type. The Teacher, The Carpenter, The Doctor. This is similar to Romeo and Juliet because this is also the case with the Nurse. Both stories have a strong underlying theme of death throughout each play, which build up to the final death scenes of one or both main characters. In Romeo and Juliet, both Romeos best friend, Mercutio, and Juliets cousin, Tybalt, die in the same scene, which leaves a change in the two main characters and their relationship. In Andorra the fighting that is referred to throughout, incorporating the theme of death into the play, along with the death of The Senora before the ending scenes where we hear that both Andri and his father have died. In my piece, my group aimed to interpret the piece in a fairly abstract way as we had seen the work of other groups and people had interpreted and devised the text in a very naturalistic way. We use many different techniques, such as mirroring and cannon to show that two or more people are representing one character. We have also, chosen scenes which tell Barblins side of the story. Including the romantic and controversial scenes with Andri, the rape scene and the insanity scene; where we have used masks, movement, and whitewash to represent innocence and loss. Our work overall is very abstract with small elements of realism incorporated in order to help the story flow as chronologically and as freely as possible.

Field study Essay Example

Field study Essay Example Field study Essay Field study Essay How they move, walk, run go up the stairs, etc. 2. Are gross movements clumsy or deliberate/smooth? 3. How about their fine motor skills? Writing, drawing, etc. 1. Describe how they interact with teachers and other adults. 2. Note how they also interact with peers. What do they talk about? What are their concerns? Emotional 1 . Describe the emotional disposition or temperament of the learners. (happy, sad, easily cries, mood-shifts) 2. How do they express their wants/needs? Can they wait? 3. How do they handle frustrations? 4. Describe their level of confidence as shown in their behavior. Are they self- unconscious? Cognitive 1 . Describe their ability to use words to communicate their ideas. Note their language proficiency. 2. Describe how they figure out things. Do they comprehend easily? Look for evidence of their thinking skills. 3. Were their opportunities for problem solving? Describe how did they show problem solving abilities Record the data you gathered about the learners characteristics and needs in this matrix. This will allow you to compare the characteristics and needs of learners at different levels. The items under each domain are by no means exhaustive. These are just sample indicators. You may add other aspects which you may have observed. Development Domain Preschooler (Indicate age range of children observed: Elementary (Indicate age range of children observed: 11 to 13 Highlights Indicate age range of children observed: Gross-motor skills Fine-motor skills Self-help skills Others In terms of their gross-motor skills they are very much active, energetic and sometimes hyper. In terms of their fine motor skills, some can be able to write well in cursive but some cannot fast. : In terms of self-help skills I think their household skills re developing. Interaction with Teachers Interaction with classmates/friends Interests All of them believes more than their parents so they teachers even though there are some who cannot. All of them are friendly to their classmates but there are times that they tease their classmates. They are interested in reading books and listening to stories. Moods and temperament, expression of feelings Emotional independence They are sometimes moody, but they have a wide span of attention and they are able to express their feelings through expressing it verbally. Almost all of them work independently but others sometimes depend from their classmates. Cognitive Communication Skills Thinking Skills Problem-solving In terms of their communication skills they can communicate very well in Filipino language than English language. Since all of them belong to fast learner class, they are all able to apply the ideas they gained with other exercises. Your Analysis Write the most salient developmental characteristics of the learners you observed. Based on these characteristics, think of implications for the teacher. Example: Level Salient Characteristics Observed Preschool Age range of Learners Observed Preschoolers like to move around a lot. Therefore, the teacher should remember to use music and movement activities not just in PEE but in all subject areas. Therefore, teachers should not expect preschoolers to stay seated for a long period of time. Write your own observation here. Implications to the Teaching-Learning Process Age range of learners observed Age range of learners observed: 1 1 to 13 years old Elementary students like to play games, read books and they also showing a high level of motor skills. Teacher should include games as motivation in class to settle the interest of the learners to learn. The teacher should expect that the fine motors of the students needs more practice to develop it. Highlights Your Reflections 1 . While you were observing the learners, What did you recall in your own experiences when you were their age? What similarities or differences do you have with the learners you observed? During the observation period, while I am observing the learners I did recall of my experiences when I was at their age. Although I was not able to recall all it served as a lesson for me. The experiences I recalled much is my experience in reporting, sessions, and all my unpleasant deeds during my elementary years. Well, all of this are similar to the learners I have observed. Although, I was not able to experience 2. Think of a teacher you cannot forget for positive or negative reasons. How did she/ he help or not help you with your needs (physical, emotional, social, cognitive)? How did it affect you? Mrs.. Kinky O. Genie, my English teacher, is the most unforgettable instructor in my Elementary days. It is because she helped me a lot in developing my emotional and social development. But she helped me more in terms of my academic excellence herein she gave me advice on how to improve my studies and these helped me a lot. Thats why I considered her as my unforgettable teacher. So, because of her I have attained several accomplishment in my life as a student. 3. Which is your favorite theory of development? How can this guide you as a future teacher? My favorite theory of development is Piglets Theory of cognitive development because it gives a full details of development from infancy to adolescence, wherein it has four stages, the seniority stage, pre-operational stage, concrete-operational, formal operational stage. As a prospective teacher someday, I will use this theory of development as my guide in preparing the appropriate and necessary strategies and materials for learners. This theory also suggests in giving students opportunities in exploring many hypothetical questions wherein it requires them to think comprehensively. 4. Share your insights here. In this observation I have learned that appreciation of effort is important. Equality and fairness in class must prevail. The teacher must be concern not Just to a few but to all her students. And lastly, encouragement must be present at all times in a class setting.

Are reason and emotion equally necessary in justifying moral decisions Essay - 3

Are reason and emotion equally necessary in justifying moral decisions - Essay Example Simply put, without it the act itself and the result will be considered irrational and therefore, would never satisfy the criteria of a moral decision which requires the agent of such decision to display an ability to distinguish right from wrong. Obviously, it is the most important element in all decision-making process. But as we explore the issue of moral decision specifically, there is an added element of morality that elevates the role of emotion several notches higher. According to Richard M. Gula (1989), â€Å"discernment is primarily a matter of the heart; it is an aesthetic judgment of affectivity and virtue.† (p. 315) One should take note that we need discernment in determining what is right or wrong and of the possible course of actions available would be most consistent with the requirements of a specific moral problem or case at hand. As such, my argument is that it is not just the intellect that is involved in the assessment and judgment of moral realities. Such process needs a personal response based on one’s experience and emotional state. Reasons serves as the logical framework of a moral decision while emotion plays the pivotal role in terms of motivation. Gula, though talking in the religious perspective, expressed a very powerful illustration, representing all other related cases, by saying that in the decision-making process one’s inclinations and choices, discernment engages the whole network of human intelligence. This process according to him, not only includes the conscious mind and its power of reason but also the unconscious as well, working with the whole body including its physical and emotional response to human experiences. Patricia Greenspan (1995) further explored this area as she put forward the idea that moral decisions and ethics, in general, are subject-independent and emotion-based. She introduced the perspective of guilt

Analyzing Project Feasibility Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analyzing Project Feasibility - Research Paper Example The firm may want to maintain the independence of its business when making such investment decisions. Consequently, the choice of the criterion may be based on the availability of personnel resources, time and expertise required to analyze the project as well as the capital constraints that make the liquidity of a project a principal issue (Joos & Zhdanov, 2008). Dell Corporation is a large firm that has its operations based on the manufacture of electronic items; particularly computers (desktops and laptops). In the determination of the feasibility of its projects, Dell Corporation estimates the cash flows and net present value as + $10. The recognition or dismissal of the venture is dependent on the type of analysis that the corporation adopts (Danielson & Scott, 2006). The best type of analysis that can be used to regulate the practicability of the project is the discounted cash flow analysis method. The discounted cash flow analysis method is a project valuation method that applies the time value of money concept, particularly in relation to the estimation of the investment opportunity. This method is essential in the case of Dell Corporation given that it will use the future cash flow projections to attain the present value by discounting by discounting the values, mostly by the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) (Danielson & Scott, 2006). This method works in the manner that if the project’s value is higher than the current investment cost, the project may be a good one for Dell Corporation to invest. Subsequently, the method conveys certain essential economic information about the firm under certain circumstances such as when faced by the issue of capital constraints. Besides, the corporation’s use of the method will be justified by the fact that the firm has always been changing its product lines. The discounted cash flow analysis is quite useful in the assessment or evaluation of the project given that, in this case, it would be quite easy

Human Rights Violations Essay Example for Free

Human Rights Violations Essay Human rights are commonly understood as inalienable fundamental rights to which a person is inherently entitled simply because she or he is a human being.[1] Human rights are thus conceived as universal (applicable everywhere) and egalitarian (the same for everyone). These rights may exist as natural rights or as legal rights, in both national and international law. The doctrine of human rights in international practice, within international law, global and regional institutions, in the policies of states and in the activities of non-governmental organizations, has been a cornerstone of public policy around the world. The idea of human rights states, if the public discourse of peacetime global society can be said to have a common moral language, it is that of human rights. Despite this, the strong claims made by the doctrine of human rights continue to provoke considerable skepticism and debates about the content, nature and justifications of human rights to this day. Indeed, the question of what is meant by a right is itself controversial and the subject of continued philosophical debate. Many of the basic ideas that animated the human rights movement developed in the aftermath of the Second World War and the atrocities of The Holocaust, culminating in the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Paris by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948. The ancient world did not possess the concept of universal human rights. Ancient societies had elaborate systems of duties conceptions of justice, political legitimacy, and human flourishing that sought to realize human dignity, flourishing, or well-being entirely independent of human rights. The modern concept of human rights developed during the early Modern period, alongside the European secularization of Judeo-Christian ethics. The true forerunner of human rights discourse was the concept of natural rights which appeared as part of the medieval Natural law tradition that became prominent during the Enlightenment with such philosophers as John Locke, Francis Hutcheson, and Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui, and featured prominently in the political discourse of the American Revolution and the French Revolution. From this foundation, the modern human rights arguments emerged over the latter half of the twentieth century. Gelling as social activism and political rhetoric in many nations put it high on the world agenda. All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. History of concept The modern sense of human rights can be traced to Renaissance Europe and the Protestant Reformation, alongside the disappearance of the feudal authoritarianism and religious conservativism that dominated the Middle Ages. Human rights were defined as a result of European scholars attempting to form a secularized version of Judeo-Christian ethics. Although ideas of rights and liberty have existed in some form for much of human history, they do not resemble the modern conception of human rights. According to Jack Donnelly, in the ancient world, traditional societies typically have had elaborate systems of duties conceptions of justice, political legitimacy, and human flourishing that sought to realize human dignity, flourishing, or well-being entirely independent of human rights. These institutions and practices are alternative to, rather than different formulations of, human rights. The most commonly held view is that concept of human rights evolved in the West, and that while earlier cultures had important ethical concepts, they generally lacked a concept of human rights. For example, McIntyre argues there is no word for right in any language before 1400. Medieval charters of liberty such as the English Magna Carta were not charters of human rights, rather they were the foundation and constituted a form of limited political and legal agreement to address specific political circumstances, in the case of Magna Carta later being recognised in the course of early modern debates about rights. One of the oldest records of human rights is the statute of Kalisz (1264), giving privileges to the Jewish minority in the Kingdom of Poland such as protection from discrimination and hate speech. The basis of most modern legal interpretations of human rights can be traced back to recent European history. The Twelve Articles (1525) are considered to be the first record of human rights in Europe. They were part of the peasants demands raised towards the Swabian League in the German Peasants War in Germany. The earliest conceptualization of human rights is credited to ideas about natural rights emanating from natural law. In particular, the issue of universal rights was introduced by the examination of the rights of indigenous peoples by Spanish clerics, such as Francisco de Vitoria and Bartolomà © de Las Casas. In the Valladolid debate, Juan Ginà ©s de Sepà ºlveda, who maintained an Aristotelian view of humanity as divided into classes of different worth, argued with Las Casas, who argued in favor of equal rights to freedom of slavery for all humans regardless of race or religion. In Britain in 1683, the English Bill of Rights (or An Act Declaring the Rights and Liberties of the Subject and Settling the Succession of the Crown) and the Scottish Claim of Right each made illegal a range of oppressive governmental actions. Two major revolutions occurred during the 18th century, in the United States (1776) and in France (1789), leading to the adoption of the United States Declaration of Independence and the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen respectively, both of which established certain legal rights. Additionally, the Virginia Declaration of Rights of 1776 encoded into law a number of fundamental civil rights and civil freedoms. Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen approved by the National Assembly of France, August 26, 1789. We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. —United States Declaration of Independence, 1776 These were followed by developments in philosophy of human rights by philosophers such as Thomas Paine, John Stuart Mill and G.W.F. Hegel during the 18th and 19th centuries. The term human rights probably came into use some time between Paines The Rights of Man and William Lloyd Garrisons 1831 writings in The Liberator, in which he stated that he was trying to enlist his readers in the great cause of human rights. In the 19th century, human rights became a central concern over the issue of slavery. A number of reformers, such as William Wilberforce in Britain, worked towards the abolition of slavery. This was achieved in the British Empire by the Slave Trade Act 1807 and the Slavery Abolition Act 1833. In the United States, all the northern states had abolished the institution of slavery between 1777 and 1804, although southern states clung tightly to the peculiar institution. Conflict and debates over the expansion of slavery to new territories constituted one of the reasons for the southern states secession and the American Civil War. During the reconstruction period immediately following the war, several amendments to the United States Constitution were made. These included the 13th amendment, banning slavery, the 14th amendment, assuring full citizenship and civil rights to all people born in the United States, and the 15th amendment, guaranteeing African Americans the right to vote. Many groups and movements have achieved profound social changes over the course of the 20th century in the name of human rights. In Europe and North America, labour unions brought about laws granting workers the right to strike, establishing minimum work conditions and forbidding or regulating child labor. The womens rights movement succeeded in gaining for many women the right to vote. National liberation movements in many countries succeeded in driving out colonial powers. One of the most influential was Mahatma Gandhis movement to free his native India from British rule. Movements by long-oppressed racial and religious minorities succeeded in many parts of the world, among them the African American Civil Rights Movement, and more recent diverse identity politics movements, on behalf of women and minorities in the United States. The establishment of the International Committee of the Red Cross, the 1864 Lieber Code and the first of the Geneva Conventions in 1864 laid the foundations of International humanitarian law, to be further developed following the two World Wars. The World Wars, and the huge losses of life and gross abuses of human rights that took place during them, were a driving force behind the development of modern human rights instruments. The League of Nations was established in 1919 at the negotiations over the Treaty of Versailles following the end of World War I. The Leagues goals included disarmament, preventing war through collective security, settling disputes between countries through negotiation and diplomacy, and improving global welfare. Enshrined in its charter was a mandate to promote many of the rights later included in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. At the 1945 Yalta Conference, the Allied Powers agreed to create a new body to supplant the Leagues role; this was to be the United Nations. The United Nations has played an important role in international human-rights law since its creation. Following the World Wars, the United Nations and its members developed much of the discourse and the bodies of law that now make up international humanitarian law and international human rights law. Philosophy The philosophy of human rights attempts to examine the underlying basis of the concept of human rights and critically looks at its content and justification. Several theoretical approaches have been advanced to explain how and why human rights have become a part of social expectations. One of the oldest Western philosophies of human rights is that they are a product of a natural law, stemming from different philosophical or religious grounds. Other theories hold that human rights codify moral behavior which is a human social product developed by a process of biological and social evolution (associated with Hume). Human rights are also described as a sociological pattern of rule setting (as in the sociological theory of law and the work of Weber). These approaches include the notion that individuals in a society accept rules from legitimate authority in exchange for security and economic advantage (as in Rawls) – a social contract. The two theories that dominate contemporary human rights discussion are the interest theory and the will theory. Interest theory argues that the principal function of human rights is to protect and promote certain essential human interests, while will theory attempts to establish the validity of human rights based on the unique human capacity for freedom. Non-governmental Organizations International non-governmental human rights organizations such as Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, International Service for Human Rights and FIDH monitor what they see as human rights issues around the world and promote their views on the subject. Human rights organizations have been said to translate complex international issues into activities to be undertaken by concerned citizens in their own community Human rights organizations frequently engage in lobbying and advocacy in an effort to convince the United Nations, supranational bodies and national governments to adopt their policies on human rights. Many human-rights organizations have observer status at the various UN bodies tasked with protecting human rights. A new (in 2009) nongovernmental human-rights conference is the Oslo Freedom Forum, a gathering described by The Economist as on its way to becoming a human-rights equivalent of the Davos economic forum. The same article noted that human-rights advocates are more and more divided amongst themselves over how violations of human rights are to be defined, notably as regards the Middle East. There is criticism of human-rights organisations who use their status but allegedly move away from their stated goals. For example, Gerald M. Steinberg, an Israel-based academic, maintains that NGOs take advantage of a halo effect and are given the status of impartial moral watchdogs by governments and the media. Such critics claim that this may be seen at various governmental levels, including when human-rights groups testify before investigation committees. Human rights defenders Main article: Human rights defender A human rights defender is someone who, individually or with others, acts to promote or protect human rights. Human rights defenders are those men and women who act peacefully for the promotion and protection of those rights. Corporations Multinational companies play an increasingly large role in the world, and have been responsible for numerous human rights abuses. Although the legal and moral environment surrounding the actions of governments is reasonably well developed, that surrounding multinational companies is both controversial and ill-defined.[citation needed] Multinational companies primary responsibility is to their shareholders, not to those affected by their actions. Such companies may be larger than the economies of some of the states within which they operate, and can wield significant economic and political power. No international treaties exist to specifically cover the behavior of companies with regard to human rights, and national legislation is very variable. Jean Ziegler, Special Rapporteur of the UN Commission on Human Rights on the right to food stated in a report in 2003: [T]he growing power of transnational corporations and their extension of power through privatization, deregulation and the rolling back of the State also mean that it is now time to develop binding legal norms that hold corporations to human rights standards and circumscribe potential abuses of their position of power. —Jean Ziegler In August 2003 the Human Rights Commissions Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights produced draft Norms on the responsibilities of transnational corporations and other business enterprises with regard to human rights. These were considered by the Human Rights Commission in 2004, but have no binding status on corporations and are not monitored. Human rights violations Human rights violations occur when actions by state (or non-state) actors abuse, ignore, or deny basic human rights (including civil, political, cultural, social, and economic rights). Furthermore, violations of human rights can occur when any state or non-state actor breaches any part of the UDHR treaty or other international human rights or humanitarian law. In regard to human rights violations of United Nations laws, Article 39 of the United Nations Charterdesignates the UN Security Council (or an appointed authority) as the only tribunal that may determine UN human rights violations. Human rights abuses are monitored by United Nations committees, national institutions and governments and by many independent non-governmental organizations, such as Amnesty International, International Federation of Human Rights, Human Rights Watch, World Organisation Against Torture, Freedom House, International Freedom of Expression Exchange and Anti-Slavery International. These organisations collect evidence and documentation of alleged human rights abuses and apply pressure to enforce human rights laws. Wars of aggression, war crimes and crimes against humanity, including genocide, are breaches of International humanitarian law and represent the most serious of human rights violations. In efforts to eliminate violations of human rights, building awareness and protesting inhumane treatment has often led to calls for action and sometimes improved conditions. The UN Security Council has interceded with peace keeping forces, and other states and treaties (NATO) have intervened in situations to protect human rights. Substantive rights Right to life Every human being has the inherent right to life. This right shall be protected by law. No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his life. —Article 6.1 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights The right to life is the essential right that a human being has the right not to be killed by another human being. The concept of a right to life is central to debates on the issues of abortion, capital punishment, euthanasia, self defense andwar. According to many human rights activists, the death penalty violates this right. The United Nations has called on states retaining the death penalty to establish a moratorium on capital punishment with a view to its abolition. States which do not do so face considerable moral and political pressure. Freedom from torture Throughout history, torture has been used as a method of political re-education, interrogation, punishment, and coercion. In addition to state-sponsored torture, individuals or groups may be motivated to inflict torture on others for similar reasons to those of a state; however, the motive for torture can also be for the sadistic gratification of the torturer, as in the Moors murders. Torture is prohibited under international law and the domestic laws of most countries in the 21st century. It is considered to be a violation of human rights, and is declared to be unacceptable by Article 5 of the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Signatories of the Third Geneva Convention and Fourth Geneva Convention officially agree not to torture prisoners in armed conflicts. Torture is also prohibited by the United Nations Convention Against Torture, which has been ratified by 147 states. National and international legal prohibitions on torture derive from a consensus that torture and similar ill-treatment are immoral, as well as impractical. Despite these international conventions, organizations that monitor abuses of human rights (e.g. Amnesty International, the International Rehabilitation Council for Torture Victims) report widespread use condoned by states in many regions of the world. Amnesty International estimates that at least 81 world governments currently practice torture, some of them openly. Freedom from slavery Main article: slavery Freedom from slavery is an internationally recognized human right. Article 4 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states: No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms. Despite this, the number of slaves today is higher than at any point in history,[68] remaining as high as 12 million to 27 million, Most are debt slaves, largely in South Asia, who are under debt bondage incurred by lenders, sometimes even for generations. Human trafficking is primarily for prostituting women and children into sex industries. Groups such as the American Anti-Slavery Group, Anti-Slavery International, Free the Slaves, the Anti-Slavery Society, and the Norwegian Anti-Slavery Society continue to campaign to rid the world of slavery. Right to a fair trial Main article: Right to a fair trial Everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal, in the determination of his rights and obligations and of any criminal charge against him. The right to a fair trial has been defined in numerous regional and international human rights instruments. It is one of the most extensive human rights and all international human rights instruments enshrine it in more than one article. The right to a fair trial is one of the most litigated human rights and substantial case law has been established on the interpretation of this human right. Despite variations in wording and placement of the various fair trial rights, international human rights instrument define the right to a fair trial in broadly the same terms. The aim of the right is to ensure the proper administration of justice. As a minimum the right to fair trial includes the following fair trial rights in civil and criminal proceedings: the right to be heard by a competent, independent and impartial tribunal the right to a public hearing the right to be heard within a reasonable time the right to counsel the right to interpretation Freedom of speech Main article: Freedom of speech Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak freely without censorship. The term freedom of expression is sometimes used synonymously, but includes any act of seeking, receiving and imparting information or ideas, regardless of the medium used. In practice, the right to freedom of speech is not absolute in any country and the right is commonly subject to limitations, such as on libel, slander, obscenity, incitement to commit a crime, etc. The right to freedom of expression is recognized as a human right under Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and recognized in international human rights law in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). Article 19 of the ICCPR states that [e]veryone shall have the right to hold opinions without interference and everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression; this right shall include freedom to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds, regardless of frontiers, either orally, in writin g or in print, in the form of art, or through any other media of his choice. Freedom of thought, conscience and religion Main articles: Freedom of thought, Conscience, and Freedom of religion Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship and observance. —Article 18 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Freedom of thought, conscience and religion are closely related rights that protect the freedom of an individual or community, in public or private, to think and freely hold conscientious beliefs and to manifest religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship, and observance; the concept is generally recognized also to include the freedom to change religion or not to follow any religion. The freedom to leave or discontinue membership in a religion or religious group—in religious terms called apostasy—is also a fundamental part of religious freedom, covered by Article 18 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Human rights groups such as Amnesty International organises campaigns to protect those arrested and or incarcerated as a prisoner of conscience because of their conscientious beliefs, particularly concerning intellectual, political and artistic freedom of expression and association. In legislation, a conscience clause is a provision in a statute that excuses a health professional from complying with the law (for example legalising surgical or pharmaceutical abortion) if it is incompatible with religious or conscientious beliefs. Rights debates Events and new possibilities can affect existing rights or require new ones. Advances of technology, medicine, and philosophy constantly challenge the status quo of human rights thinking. Future generations In 1997 UNESCO adopted the Declaration on the Responsibilities of the Present Generation Towards the Future Generation. The Declaration opens with the words: Mindful of the will of the peoples, set out solemnly in the Charter of the United Nations, to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war and to safeguard the values and principles enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and all other relevant instruments of international law. —Declaration on the Responsibilities of the Present Generation Towards the Future Generation Article 1 of the declaration states the present generations have the responsibility of ensuring that the needs and interests of present and future generations are fully safeguarded. The preamble to the declaration states that at this point in history, the very existence of humankind and its environment are threatened and the declaration covers a variety of issues including protection of the environment, the human genome, biodiversity, cultural heritage, peace, development, and education. The preamble recalls that the responsibilities of the present generations towards future generations has been referred to in various international instruments, including the Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (UNESCO 1972), the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Convention on Biological Diversity (Rio de Janeiro, 1992), the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development (UN Conference on Environment and Development, 1992), the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action (World Conference on Human Rights, 1993) and a number of UN General Assembly resolutions relating to the protection of the global climate for present and future generations adopted since 1990. Sexual orientation and gender identity See also: LGBT rights by country or territory Sexual orientation and gender identity rights relate to the expression of sexual orientation and gender identity based on the right to respect for private life and the right not to be discriminated against on the ground of other status as defined in various human rights conventions, such as article 17 and 26 in the United Nations International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and article 8 and article 14 in the European Convention on Human Rights. Through the way many because of their religious beliefs claim that they support human rights in general while denying that LGBT rights are human rights, LGBT rights stand prominent in the very defense of the universal principle of the human rights. If human rights are understood in a way that makes it possible to exclude the basic rights of certain groups only because of certain religious and cultural prejudices, we find that the principle of universality is taken right out of the human rights, and human rights are transformed to a se t of rules only reflecting certain historically values. Homosexuality is illegal in 76 countries[citation needed], and is punishable by execution in seven countries. The criminalization of private, consensual, adult sexual relations, especially in countries where corporal or capital punishment is involved, is one of the primary concerns of LGBT human rights advocates. Other issues include: government recognition of same-sex relationships, LGBT adoption, sexual orientation and military service, immigration equality, anti-discrimination laws, hate crime laws regarding violence against LGBT people,sodomy laws, anti-lesbianism laws, and equal age of consent for same-sex activity. A global charter for sexual orientation and gender identity rights has been proposed in the form of the Yogyakarta Principles, a set of 29 principles whose authors say they apply International Human Rights Law statutes and precedent to situations relevant to LGBT peoples experience. The principles were presented at a United Nations event in New York on November 7, 2007, co-sponsored by Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay. The principles have been acknowledged with influencing the French proposed UN declaration on sexual orientation and gender identity, which focuses on ending violence, criminalization and capital punishment and does not include dialogue about same-sex marriage or right to start a family.[95][96] The proposal was supported by 67 of the then 192 member countries of the United Nations, including all EU member states and the United States. An alternative statement opposing the proposal was initiated by Syria and signed by 57 member nations, including all 27 nations of the Arab League as well as Iran and North Korea. Trade Although both the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights emphasize the importance of a right to work, neither of these documents explicitly mention trade as a mechanism for ensuring this fundamental right. And yet trade plays a key role in providing jobs. Some experts argue that trade is inherent to human nature and that when governments inhibit international trade they directly inhibit the right to work and the other indirect benefits, like the right to education, that increased work and investment help accrue. Others have argued that the ability to trade does not affect everyone equally—often groups like the rural poor, indigenous groups and women are less likely to access the benefits of increased trade. On the other hand, others think that it is no longer primarily individuals but companies that trade, and therefore it cannot be guaranteed as a human right.[citation needed] Additionally, trying to fit too many concepts under the umbrella of what qualifies as a human right has the potential to dilute their importance. Finally, it is difficult to define a right to trade as either fair or just in that the current trade regime produces winners and losers but its reform is likely to produce (different) winners and losers. See also: The Recognition of Labour Standards within the World Trade Organisation and Investor state dispute settlement Water See also: Water politics and Right to water In November 2002, the United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights issued a non-binding comment affirming that access to water was a human right: the human right to water is indispensable for leading a life in human dignity. It is a prerequisite for the realization of other human rights. —United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights This principle was reaffirmed at the 3rd and 4th World Water Councils in 2003 and 2006. This marks a departure from the conclusions of the 2nd World Water Forum in The Hague in 2000, which stated that water was a commodity to be bought and sold, not a right. There are calls from many NGOs and politicians to enshrine access to water as a binding human right, and not as a commodity. According to the United Nations, nearly 900 million people lack access to clean water and more than 2.6 billion people lack access to basic sanitation. On July 28, 2010, the UN declared water and sanitation as human rights. By declaring safe and clean drinking water and sanitation as a human right, the U.N. General Assembly made a step towards the Millennium Development Goal to ensure environmental sustainability, which in part aims to halve, by 2015, the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation. Reproductive rights Main article: reproductive rights Reproductive rights are rights relating to reproduction and reproductive health. The World Health Organisation defines reproductive rights as follows: Reproductive rights rest on the recognition of the basic right of all couples and individuals to decide freely and responsibly the number, spacing and timing of their children and to have the information and means to do so, and the right to attain the highest standard of sexual and reproductive health. They also include the right of all to make decisions concerning reproduction free of discrimination, coercion and violence. — World Health Organisation Reproductive rights were first established as a subset of human rights at the United Nations 1968 International Conference on Human Rights. The sixteenth article of the resulting Proclamation of Teheran states, Parents have a basic human right to determine freely and responsibly the number and the spacing of their children. Reproductive rights may include some or all of the following rights: the right to legal or safe abortion, the right to control ones reproductive functions, the right to quality reproductive healthcare, and the right to education and access in order to make reproductive choices free from coercion, discrimination, and violence. Reproductive rights may also be understood to include education about contraception and sexually transmitted infections, and freedom from coerced sterilization and contraception, protection from gender-based practices such asfemale genital cutting (FGC) and male genital mutilation (MGM). Information and communication technologies Main articles: Right to Internet access and Digital rights In October 2009, Finlands Ministry of Transport and Communications announced that every person in Finland would have the legal right to Internet access. Since July 2010, the government has legally obligated telecommunications companies to offer broadband Internet access to every permanent residence and office. The connection must be reasonably priced and have a downstream rate of at least 1 Mbit/s. In March 2010, the BBC, having commissioned an opinion poll, reported that almost four in five people around the world believe that access to the internet is a fundamental right. The poll, conducted by the polling companyGlobeScan for the BBC World Service, collated the answers of 27,973 adult citizens across 26 countries to find that 79% of adults either strongly agreed or somewhat agreed with the statement: access to the internet should be a fundamental right of all people. Relationship with other topics Human rights and the environment There are two basic conceptions of environmental human rights in the current human rights system. The first is that the right to a healthy or adequate environment is itself a human right (as seen in both Article 24 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples Rights, and Article 11 of the San Salvador Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights). The second conception is the idea that environmental human rights can be derived from other human rights, usually – the right to life, the right to health, the right to private family life and the right to property (among many others). This second theory enjoys much more widespread use in human rights courts around the world, as those rights are contained in many human rights documents. The onset of various environmental issues, especially climate change, has created potential conflicts between different human rights. Human rights ultimately require a working ecosystem and healthy environment, but the granting of certain rights to individuals may damage these. Such as the conflict between right to decide number of offspring and the common need for a healthy environment, as noted in the tragedy of the commons. In the area of environmental rights, the responsibilities of multinational corporations, so far relatively unaddressed by human rights legislation, is of paramount consideration.[citation needed] Environmental Rights revolve largely around the idea of a right to a livable environment both for the present and the future generations. National security See also: National security and Anti-terrorism legislation With the exception of non-derogable human rights (international conventions class the right to life, the right to be free from slavery, the right to be free from torture and the right to be free from retroactive application of penal laws as non-derogable),[120] the UN recognises that human rights can be limited or even pushed aside during times of national emergency – although the emergency must be actual, affect the whole population and the threat must be to the very existence of the nation. The declaration of emergency must also be a last resort and a temporary measure. —United Nations. The Resource Rights that cannot be derogated for reasons of national security in any circumstances are known as peremptory norms or jus cogens. Such United Nations Charter obligations are binding on all states and cannot be modified by treaty. Examples of national security being used to justify human rights violations include the Japanese American internment during World War II, Stalins Great Purge, and the modern-day abuses of terror suspects rights by some countries, often in the name of the War on Terror.

My Reading History :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If one were to look at my varied reading habits, they would be struck by the diversity and over all unusualness of my mind’s library. I hardly remember the plot of the first book I read, but it was called Lonesome Dove. It wasn’t the actual first book I read, but I don’t really count the McGregor Readers from kindergarten. I read it in first grade because of my Grandmother’s fascination in the T.V. mini-series that was playing during the time. I wanted to be able to talk to her about it so I went to the public library that weekend and picked up a copy. Well, I actually didn’t pick it up, it was too heavy. It took me over two and a half months to read, but with the help of a dictionary and my grandma, I finally read it from cover to cover. I can’t really say that I understood it, because I don’t recall what it was about. But I do remember that it was quite an ordeal. Since then I have read many books. I enjoy fiction the best, especially those that are based on society, but have a small twist that leads to an interesting story. Some of the stories that I remember best from that early time in my life are Tales from Wayside Elementary School, Hatchet, The Godfather, and The Giver. I think that Hatchet, by Gary Paulsen, is the only book that I’ve read more than once. I liked the situation that Brian was put into, lost in the wilderness, with nothing more to fend for himself with than his mind and a trusty hatchet. The adversity he faces and his undying drive are what fascinated me most. Since that time my reading habits have grown into a different style. I have usually only read what was assigned to me during the school year because that was all I had time to do, but I have always strived to put forth extra effort. For example: last year for English 3 AP we had to read an excerpt from Benjamin Franklin’s Autobiography. Although that we only had to read a small bit, I checked the enti re book from the college library and read it all. Although the way that Franklin rambled on and on about his â€Å"Franklin Planner† was somewhat boring, the way he describe his life was pure poetry.

Aristotle on Gender Essay

The peer discussion held last week had its attention focused on a comparison of Aristotle’s and Plato’s ideas of justice and gender. As previously discussed from our lectures, Plato’s idea of justice was concerned with an internal equality between the members of the classes present within the polis. This focused more on individualism in that one must only be concerned with his/her business and not minding other’s problems. The justice that occurs in their society depends on the class to whom one belongs. However, Aristotle, his student, was more for all-encompassing justice aiming for the ultimate goal of the constitution. Equality, for Aristotle, depends on the constitution in which the society is built upon. For democracy, it promotes equality for those who are equal, but only for those who are equal. Elaborating on this, equality only exists for the majority, who rules in this kind of polis. On the other hand, oligarchy focuses more on the distribution of office, in which there is equality for those who are unequal. (Curtis, 1981) However, this failed to consider the degree of goodness in a citizen. Oligarchs depended more on a wealthy upbringing, giving them superiority over the others who have less riches than them. Democrats was more dependent on free birth, all for equality among every member of the society. Aristotle’s justice was an advocate of excellence over birth. Considering his example of the story of the flutists, Aristotle concluded that justice all ends ups to the contribution of a good citizen to the aim of the society and to the â€Å"end† of state. Aristotle could care less about the social standing of a citizen, instead focusing more on his triumphs instead of what he was born to be. Gender is another topic wherein these two philosophers’ opinions differ. For Plato, equality among women and men existed within the society itself. Women were free to choose what profession they have, provided that they have the proper education to back it up. Aristotle’s idea for gender, however, is a sexist one. He believed that only men were worthy to be citizens, and that was only if he was a holder of office. Women were â€Å"naturally† governed by men, as indicated in his works, specifically identified by the phrase â€Å"mastery of husband over wife†. He gave statements wherein the men were given rights over those of the opposite gender. In spite of their standings as teacher and student, their opinions differ regarding how a society must work in order to achieve peace and harmony within their constitution. However, important points can also be withdrawn from their works, such as the fairer justice referred to in Aristotle’s works, and Plato’s ideas of equality and the manner of governing a society. Not one person is perfect, and we cannot find fault upon one making a mistake that we ourselves may have committed. Group: # 4 – Section: WBYDX.